Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)

A smart meter is a device that monitors electricity usage in real-time and transmits the data to your energy provider.

It measures electricity consumption via sensors and sends the data securely over a network.

Most smart meters are powered by the grid, though some functions may use backup batteries.

Yes, they automatically send electricity data without manual readings.

Yes, they can display both current and historical electricity usage.

Common methods include wireless, cellular, or power line communication.

Smart meters mainly track total consumption, though some models support device-level monitoring.

Some models offer remote control, following local regulations.

The Internet of Things (IoT) connects instruments, sensors, machines, vehicles and cameras to networks so they can collect, transmit, analyze and act on data; customers can think of it as connecting previously isolated devices into a manageable data system.
IoT是Internet of Things，即物联网，指把仪表、传感器、机器、车辆、摄像头等实体设备接入网络，让它们能够采集、传输、分析和响应数据。客户可以把它理解为“让原本孤立的设备上网并形成可管理的数据系统”。

The Internet primarily links people and information, while IoT links physical devices and their data; IoT emphasizes device status, sensor streams, remote control, alarms and automation rather than web pages or email.
互联网主要连接人与信息，物联网主要连接设备与数据。互联网关注网页、邮件和应用访问；物联网更关注设备状态、传感数据、远程控制、告警和自动化。

IIoT applies IoT principles in industrial contexts by connecting PLCs, meters, sensors and SCADA systems to improve production efficiency, reliability and remote operations in factories, power, water, energy and transport.
IIoT是Industrial Internet of Things，强调在工厂、电力、水务、能源、交通等工业场景中连接PLC、仪表、传感器和SCADA系统，以提升生产效率、可靠性和远程运维能力。

A typical IoT system includes field devices, data acquisition terminals, communication networks, edge gateways or DTUs, cloud platforms, application software and security management; TESPRO products such as optoelectronic heads, DTUs, industrial routers, gateways and platforms map to these layers.
典型物联网系统包括现场设备、采集终端、通信网络、边缘网关或DTU、云平台、应用软件和安全管理。TESPRO的光电头、DTU、工业路由器、工业网关和平台分别对应其中不同环节。

The sensing layer is the system’s 'eyes and ears' and comprises sensors, meters, PLCs, scanners and optoelectronic heads that collect metrics like energy usage, temperature, pressure, digital I/O and operational status.
感知层是物联网的“眼睛和耳朵”，包括传感器、电表、水表、气表、PLC、扫码器、光电头等，用于采集电量、温度、压力、开关量、运行状态等数据。

The network layer is responsible for transporting on-site data and can use Ethernet, Wi‑Fi, 2G/3G/4G/5G, LoRaWAN, NB‑IoT, fiber or leased lines; industrial routers, DTUs and gateways operate at or across this layer.
网络层负责把现场数据传出去，可能使用以太网、Wi-Fi、2G/3G/4G/5G、LoRaWAN、NB-IoT、光纤或专线。工业路由器、DTU和网关通常工作在这一层或跨越网络层与应用层。

The application layer is the business-facing system customers interact with—examples include remote meter reading, energy management, device monitoring, alarm handling, reporting systems and mobile apps.
应用层是客户最终看到的业务系统，例如远程抄表平台、能耗管理平台、设备监控平台、告警系统、报表系统和移动App。

A cloud platform runs on cloud servers or data centers to receive device data, store historical records, present dashboards, issue alerts, push configurations and integrate with third‑party systems.
云平台是部署在云服务器或数据中心的软件系统，用于接收设备数据、存储历史记录、展示仪表盘、发送告警、下发配置和对接第三方系统。

The edge is close to field devices and includes industrial gateways, edge compute appliances or IPCs; it performs protocol parsing, data filtering, caching and basic decision logic before uploading key data to the cloud.
边缘端是靠近现场设备的一侧，通常包括工业网关、边缘计算网关、工控机或智能终端。它可以先在现场完成协议解析、数据过滤、缓存和初步判断，再把关键数据上传平台。

It means on‑site devices send data to the cloud via DTUs, industrial routers or gateways so customers can remotely view status, query historical data, receive alerts and perform remote maintenance.
设备上云是指现场设备通过DTU、工业路由器或工业网关，把数据发送到云平台。上云后，客户可以远程查看状态、查询历史数据、接收告警并进行远程维护。

Customers adopt IoT to reduce manual meter reading and inspections, improve data timeliness, lower downtime risk, enable remote maintenance, visualize reports and use analytics to optimize operations.
客户需要物联网通常是为了减少人工抄表和巡检、提升数据及时性、降低停机风险、支持远程维护、形成可视化报表，并通过数据分析优化运营。

Typical challenges include dispersed sites, high manual collection costs, diverse device brands, non‑uniform protocols, unstable networks, lack of real‑time uploads, difficult troubleshooting and poor interoperability between platforms.
常见痛点包括现场分散、人工采集成本高、设备品牌多、协议不统一、网络不稳定、数据不能实时上传、故障排查困难和平台之间无法互通。

Remote monitoring lets users view device status, real‑time data, historical trends and alarms via a platform without visiting the site, and is commonly used in power, water, energy stations, EV charging, pump stations and factories.
远程监控是指客户不去现场，也能在平台上查看设备运行状态、实时数据、历史趋势和告警信息。它常用于电力、水务、能源站、充电桩、泵站和工厂设备。

Remote control lets a platform or control center send commands to field devices—such as rebooting equipment, opening valves, adjusting parameters or changing modes—and requires strict access control, logging, confirmation and encryption.
远程控制是平台或控制中心通过网络向现场设备发送指令，例如重启设备、打开阀门、调整参数或切换运行模式。远程控制必须重视权限、日志、确认机制和安全加密。

upgrades and adjusting parameters over the network to reduce the need for on‑site engineer visits.Remote O&M covers configuring devices, diagnosing faults, viewing logs, performing firmware.
远程运维是通过网络完成设备配置、故障诊断、日志查看、固件升级和参数调整，从而减少工程师到现场的次数。

Not always—meter reading or environmental monitoring may be fine with 5‑minute, 15‑minute or daily uploads, while fault alarms, SCADA control and safety monitoring require higher real‑time performance and low latency.
不一定。电表抄表、环境监测等场景可能每5分钟、15分钟或每天上传一次即可；设备故障告警、SCADA控制和安全监测则更重视实时性和低延迟。

IoT devices connect to critical assets and business systems, so weak security can lead to unauthorized access, data breaches, malicious control or service disruption; common protections include VPNs, TLS encryption, account permissions, whitelists, audit logs and firmware governance.
物联网设备连接现场资产和业务系统，如果缺少安全设计，可能出现非法访问、数据泄露、恶意控制或业务中断。常见措施包括VPN、TLS加密、账号权限、白名单、日志审计和固件管理。

Both are equally important: hardware ensures reliable data acquisition and connectivity, while software delivers data management and business value; sales should position TESPRO as a supplier of combined 'collection, transmission, platform and O&M' solutions rather than single devices.
二者同样重要。硬件负责可靠采集与连接，软件负责数据管理与业务价值。销售应强调TESPRO可围绕“采集、传输、平台、运维”提供组合方案，而不是只卖单个设备。

AMR (Automated Meter Reading) focuses on remote retrieval of meter data, while AMI (Advanced Metering Infrastructure) adds two‑way communication, remote control, analytics, alarms and customer management capabilities.
AMR是自动抄表，重点是远程读取表计数据；AMI是高级计量基础设施，除了抄表，还包括双向通信、远程控制、数据分析、告警和用户管理。

IoT connects a customer’s meters, sensors and equipment to a platform so data uploads automatically, statuses are visible remotely, faults trigger timely alarms, and maintenance costs are reduced.
可以说：物联网就是把客户现场的表计、传感器和设备连接到平台，让数据自动上传、状态远程可见、故障及时告警、维护成本降低。

HTTP is the application-layer protocol for retrieving resources and exchanging data on the Web using a client-request and server-response pattern; it is commonly used for web pages, REST APIs, device-to-platform uploads, and platform interface calls.
HTTP是Web上获取资源和交换数据的应用层协议，采用客户端请求、服务器响应模式，常用于网页、REST API、设备向平台上传数据和平台接口调用。

HTTPS is HTTP layered over TLS to provide encryption and integrity, suitable for scenarios requiring account protection and secure public‑network transmission; Tespro industrial gateway materials indicate HTTPS support for secure device uploads and platform integrations.
HTTPS是在HTTP基础上加入TLS加密，适合需要账号、数据安全和公网传输的场景。TESPRO工业网关公开资料显示支持HTTPS，可用于设备数据安全上传或平台对接。

MQTT is a lightweight publish/subscribe messaging protocol designed for IoT, optimized for low-bandwidth or unreliable networks and large-scale device connectivity; it supports bidirectional communication and different QoS levels.
MQTT是面向物联网的轻量级发布/订阅消息协议，适合小带宽、不稳定网络和大量设备接入场景，支持设备到云、云到设备的双向通信与QoS等级。

MQTT is commonly used for sensor telemetry, remote meter reading, device status reporting, alarm notifications, and cloud platform access; TESPRO gateways and DTUs are documented to support MQTT.
MQTT常用于传感器数据上传、远程抄表、设备状态上报、告警推送和云平台接入。TESPRO网关资料显示支持MQTT，DTU资料也说明支持MQTT。

OPC UA is an industry interoperability standard that provides platform‑independent information modeling, secure communications, read/write access, subscriptions and eventing, widely used for PLC, SCADA, and MES integration.
OPC UA是工业互操作标准，具备平台无关、安全、信息建模、读写、订阅和事件能力，常用于PLC、SCADA、MES和工业设备之间的数据交换。

OPC UA is well suited for factories, energy, water treatment and automation systems that require secure, multi‑vendor device interoperability; TESPRO DTU documentation lists OPC UA support for industrial data exchange.
OPC UA适合工厂、能源、水处理和自动化系统中多品牌设备互联。TESPRO DTU公开资料显示支持OPC UA，可用于工业数据安全交换。

Modbus is an open industrial communication protocol introduced in 1979 that uses a master/slave (client/server) model and remains widely used across manufacturing, energy, building automation and infrastructure.
Modbus是1979年推出的工业通信协议，采用客户端/服务器通信结构，是工业制造、能源、楼宇和基础设施中广泛使用的开放协议。

Modbus RTU runs over serial links such as RS‑485 or RS‑232 and is common for field instruments and sensors, while Modbus TCP runs over Ethernet/TCP‑IP and suits LAN and supervisory systems; TESPRO gateways and DTUs are described as supporting Modbus variants.
Modbus RTU通常跑在RS485或RS232串口上，适合现场仪表和传感器；Modbus TCP跑在以太网TCP/IP上，适合局域网和上位机系统。TESPRO网关和DTU均公开提到支持Modbus相关协议。

TCP/IP is the foundational suite for Internet and industrial Ethernet communications: IP handles addressing and routing, while TCP provides reliable, connection‑oriented transport; many higher‑level protocols like HTTP, MQTT and Modbus TCP run on top of TCP/IP.
TCP/IP是互联网和工业以太网通信的基础协议族，IP负责寻址与路由，TCP提供可靠连接。很多上层协议如HTTP、MQTT、Modbus TCP都运行在TCP/IP之上。

UDP is a connectionless transport protocol with low latency that does not guarantee delivery, making it suitable for time‑sensitive applications that tolerate some packet loss, such as certain video, positioning, broadcast, or custom industrial communications.
UDP是无连接传输协议，延迟低但不保证可靠送达。它适合对实时性敏感、可容忍少量丢包的场景，如部分视频、定位、广播或自定义工业通信。

IEC104 is a standard protocol used in power automation and SCADA for substation, distribution automation and remote energy monitoring; TESPRO DTU materials indicate IEC104 support.
IEC104是电力自动化和SCADA常见通信协议，常用于变电站、配电自动化、电力监控和能源站远程通信。TESPRO DTU资料显示支持IEC104。

SNMP is a network management protocol used to read status, traffic, ports and alarms from routers, switches, UPS units and servers; TESPRO industrial router selection documents list SNMP as a possible data workflow.
SNMP是网络设备管理协议，用于读取路由器、交换机、UPS和服务器的状态、流量、端口和告警。TESPRO工业路由器选型资料将SNMP列为可能的数据工作流之一。

FTP is a file transfer protocol and SFTP is FTP over SSH providing encrypted file transfers; they are useful for logs, reports or bulk data uploads but are generally less flexible than MQTT for real‑time device messaging.
FTP用于文件传输，SFTP通过SSH加密传输文件。它们可用于日志、报表或批量数据上传，但实时性和设备消息机制通常不如MQTT灵活。

WebSocket enables full‑duplex communication over a single connection and is commonly used for real‑time dashboard updates, live device status, instant alarms and remote control interfaces.
WebSocket是在单个连接上实现双向通信的技术，常用于平台页面实时刷新、在线设备状态、实时告警和远程控制界面。

BACnet is a building automation protocol used for HVAC, lighting, building control and energy management; when customers have building equipment, protocol converters or gateways may be required to bridge BACnet with Modbus, OPC UA or MQTT.
BACnet是楼宇自动化协议，常用于暖通空调、照明、楼宇控制和能源管理。若客户现场有楼宇设备，可能需要协议转换器或网关做BACnet与Modbus、OPC UA、MQTT之间的桥接。

PROFINET is an industrial Ethernet protocol commonly used with Siemens PLCs and automation lines for factory‑floor control; to connect PROFINET to cloud platforms, an industrial gateway or supervisory system typically performs data conversion.
PROFINET是工业以太网协议，常见于西门子PLC和自动化生产线。它偏现场控制网络，若要接入云平台，通常需要工业网关或上位系统转换数据。

EtherNet/IP is an Ethernet‑based industrial automation protocol used in systems such as Rockwell Automation for device‑level and control‑level communications, and it differs from general Internet IP usage in its industrial application semantics.
EtherNet/IP是基于以太网的工业自动化协议，常见于罗克韦尔等自动化系统。它用于设备级和控制级通信，和普通互联网IP不是同一个概念。

CoAP is a lightweight protocol for constrained devices, often running over UDP and designed for low‑power IoT applications; in industrial projects, customers more frequently inquire about MQTT, Modbus and OPC UA.
CoAP是面向资源受限设备的轻量级协议，常用于低功耗物联网设备。与HTTP相比，它更轻量，常运行在UDP上，但在工业项目中客户更常问到MQTT、Modbus和OPC UA。

A VPN creates an encrypted tunnel over public or carrier networks to enable remote access and protect data; TESPRO DTU documentation notes support for OpenVPN, IPSec and WireGuard, and industrial router selection also emphasizes VPN and remote‑access planning.
VPN是在公网或运营商网络上建立加密隧道，用于远程访问现场设备和保护数据安全。TESPRO DTU资料显示支持OpenVPN、IPSec和WireGuard，工业路由器选型也强调VPN和远程访问规划。

Ask which physical interfaces and protocols the field devices use and where the data must go: serial instruments often use Modbus RTU, cloud uploads commonly use MQTT/HTTPS, SCADA/PLC integrations often require OPC UA, Modbus TCP or IEC104, and pure connectivity may be solved with an industrial router.
先问现场设备接口和协议，再问数据目的地。如果是仪表串口，常见Modbus RTU；如果上云，常见MQTT/HTTPS；如果接SCADA/PLC，常见OPC UA、Modbus TCP或IEC104；如果只是联网，工业路由器可能足够。

2G historically provided wide coverage and low-cost connectivity suited to small data and SMS-type services, but it offers very low data rates; many countries have decommissioned or are retiring 2G, so it is generally not recommended for new deployments unless the target market will support it long-term.
2G覆盖曾经广、成本低、速率低，适合少量数据和短信类业务。但很多国家已退网或正在退网，新项目通常不建议优先选择2G，除非目标国家仍长期支持。

3G delivered higher speeds than 2G but is being phased out by many operators worldwide; new industrial IoT projects typically prefer 4G Cat 1/Cat 4, NB-IoT, LTE‑M or 5G instead.
3G速率高于2G，但全球许多运营商已逐步关闭3G网络。新工业物联网项目通常更倾向4G Cat 1、Cat 4、NB-IoT、LTE-M或5G。

4G LTE offers mature coverage, stable throughput and falling module costs, making it suitable for remote metering, industrial routers, video backhaul, device connectivity and mobile data—it's the mainstream choice for many current industrial IoT projects.
4G LTE覆盖成熟、速率稳定、模块成本下降，适合远程抄表、工业路由、视频回传、设备联网和移动数据传输，是当前许多工业物联网项目的主力选择。

5G provides higher bandwidth, lower latency and larger device density, appropriate for HD video, robotics, ports, mines, V2X, remote control and other high‑bandwidth or low‑latency industrial sites; however, its cost, coverage and tariff models need to be validated against project requirements.
5G提供更高带宽、更低时延和更大连接能力，适合高清视频、机器人、港口、矿山、车联网、远程控制和高带宽工业现场。但5G成本、覆盖和资费需要与客户项目匹配。

Bluetooth operates in the 2.4 GHz unlicensed band: Classic is suited for audio and point‑to‑point data, while Bluetooth LE targets low‑power devices, broadcasting, positioning and mesh networking for short‑range IoT use cases.
蓝牙工作在2.4GHz免许可频段，Bluetooth Classic适合音频和点对点数据，Bluetooth LE适合低功耗设备、广播、定位和Mesh组网。

Wi‑Fi provides high‑speed local area network access and is commonly used in offices, factory floors, warehouses and for device commissioning; it's regarded as a ubiquitous, seamless and secure connectivity option within the IoT ecosystem.
Wi-Fi适合局域网高速接入，常用于办公室、工厂车间、仓库和设备调试。Wi-Fi Alliance将Wi-Fi定位为物联网生态中普遍、无缝和安全的连接技术之一。

LoRa is a chirp spread spectrum physical‑layer modulation designed for low data‑rate, long‑range and low‑power transmission, typically operating in unlicensed sub‑GHz bands such as 868 MHz, 915 MHz or 433 MHz.
LoRa是一种基于啁啾扩频的无线调制技术，适合低速率、小数据、长距离和低功耗传输，可工作在免许可Sub-GHz频段，如868MHz、915MHz、433MHz等

LoRaWAN is the MAC‑layer protocol and network architecture built on top of LoRa that defines how end devices access the network, scheduling, message formats and server‑side behavior, making it suitable for large-scale sensor deployments.
LoRaWAN是在LoRa之上的MAC层协议，定义终端如何接入网络、何时发送、消息格式和网络架构，适合大量低功耗传感器接入

LoRa refers to the radio modulation (physical layer), while LoRaWAN denotes the networking protocol and system architecture; in short, LoRa is the way the radio 'speaks' and LoRaWAN is the set of rules for how devices 'join' and communicate in a network.
LoRa偏物理层无线调制，LoRaWAN偏网络协议和系统架构。简单说，LoRa像无线电“发声方式”，LoRaWAN像“组网规则”

NB‑IoT is a cellular LPWAN technology optimized for low data rates, deep indoor coverage and long battery life, suitable for massive deployments like water/gas meters, manhole/parking sensors and environmental monitoring, subject to local operator support.
NB-IoT是蜂窝低功耗广域网技术，适合低速率、深覆盖、低功耗、海量连接场景，如水表、气表、井盖、停车和环境监测。是否使用取决于当地运营商支持。

LTE‑M is a cellular IoT technology that generally offers higher throughput and mobility than NB‑IoT, making it a better fit for wearables, mobile asset tracking, logistics and applications that may require voice or lower latency.
LTE-M也是蜂窝物联网技术，速率和移动性通常高于NB-IoT，适合可穿戴、移动资产、物流追踪和需要语音或较低时延的应用。

LTE Cat 1 is a mid‑range LTE category targeting IoT/M2M devices; it is commonly used for POS terminals, shared equipment, remote monitoring, metering and DTUs where moderate bandwidth is sufficient.
LTE Cat 1是中低速LTE等级，常用于物联网和M2M设备，适合POS、共享设备、远程监控、表计和DTU等中低带宽场景

Cat 4 supports higher downlink rates than Cat 1 and is often used in industrial routers, vehicle connectivity, moderate‑bitrate video backhaul, broadband backup and multi‑device internet access.
Cat 4通常可达到更高下行速率，常用于工业路由器、车载联网、高清视频低到中等码率回传、一般宽带备份和多设备上网。

Cat 6 adds carrier aggregation and delivers higher throughput than Cat 4, suitable for bandwidth‑intensive industrial routers, video surveillance, mobile offices, edge gateways and scenarios with multiple simultaneous clients.
Cat 6支持载波聚合，速率高于Cat 4，适合对带宽要求更高的工业路由、视频监控、移动办公、边缘网关和多终端接入。

Cat 12 is a higher‑tier LTE class that supports greater peak rates and multi‑carrier capability, appropriate for HD video, multiple concurrent data streams, high‑speed vehicle connectivity and projects demanding significant 4G bandwidth.
Cat 12属于更高等级LTE，通常支持更高峰值速率和多载波能力，适合高清视频、多路数据、车载高速联网和对4G带宽要求较高的项目。

LTE category definitions are part of the global standard and not country‑specific; actual availability depends on local frequency bands, operator deployments, certification and SIM plans, so confirm country, operator and bands before quoting.
LTE Cat等级本身是全球LTE标准能力分类，不是某个国家专用。实际能否使用取决于当地频段、运营商网络、认证要求和SIM资费。销售报价前必须确认国家、运营商和频段。

If the use case is meters, sensors and small periodic data, 4G Cat 1 or Cat 4 is usually sufficient; consider 5G when you need multi‑channel video, ultra‑low latency control or sustained high bandwidth over the project lifetime.
如果只是表计、传感器和少量数据，4G Cat 1或Cat 4通常足够；如果需要多路视频、低时延控制或长期高带宽，才重点考虑5G。

Cellular and LoRa bands vary by country, and modules and antennas must match those bands; mismatched frequency support will prevent stable network access even if the device otherwise functions correctly.
不同国家开放的蜂窝和LoRa频段不同，设备模块和天线也必须匹配。若频段不匹配，即使设备功能正确也无法稳定接入当地网络。

Metal enclosures, industrial cabinets, basements and remote locations can severely attenuate signals; external antennas improve reception, reduce dropouts and reconnections, and you should confirm antenna placement and cable length during router selection.
工业柜、金属箱、地下室和偏远地区会削弱信号。外置天线可以改善信号强度、减少掉线和重连，工业路由器选型时应确认天线位置和线缆长度.

First, confirm the country and operator frequency bands; second, determine the data volume and real‑time requirements; third, assess the installation environment and expected signal coverage. .
第一确认国家和运营商频段，第二确认数据量与实时性，第三确认安装环境和信号覆盖。

These refer to Ethernet port data rates: 10M means 10 Mbps, 100M means 100 Mbps, and 1000M (gigabit) means 1 Gbps. Ethernet specifications are maintained by the IEEE 802.3 working group and have evolved to support higher link speeds.
它们通常表示以太网端口速率，10M为10Mbps，100M为100Mbps，1000M为1Gbps。IEEE 802.3工作组负责以太网标准，当前以太网标准覆盖从传统速率到更高速率的发展。

Mbps measures megabits per second while MB/s measures megabytes per second; one byte equals eight bits, so 100 Mbps is theoretically about 12.5 MB/s. Actual effective transfer will be lower due to protocol overhead, network conditions, and device performance.
Mbps是兆比特每秒，MB/s是兆字节每秒。1字节等于8比特，所以100Mbps理论上约等于12.5MB/s，但实际吞吐还会受协议开销、网络质量和设备性能影响。

Uplink bandwidth is the capacity for devices at the site to send data to a server, cloud or control center. In industrial IoT, uplink is often critical because sensors, meters and cameras need to upload telemetry and events.
上行带宽是现场设备向平台、服务器或控制中心发送数据的能力。工业物联网常常更关注上行，因为传感器、表计和摄像头都要把数据上传。

Downlink bandwidth is the capacity for servers or the internet to send data to field devices, used for remote access, configuration, firmware updates, log downloads and live video viewing. It determines how quickly commands and large files can be delivered to edge equipment.
下行带宽是平台或互联网向现场设备发送数据的能力，例如远程访问设备、下发配置、升级固件、下载日志或视频查看。

An industrial router may aggregate traffic from PLCs, cameras, gateways and PCs; insufficient bandwidth causes latency, video stutter, slow remote maintenance and delayed reporting. Right-sizing bandwidth helps ensure reliable operations and user experience.
工业路由器可能连接多台PLC、摄像头、网关或电脑。如果带宽不足，会导致数据延迟、视频卡顿、远程维护困难或平台上报不及时。

A 100M port generally offers greater capacity, but it may be unnecessary if the application only uploads a small number of meter readings per minute. Selection should be based on current device count, data patterns and future expansion plans. 一般100M口能力更强，但若客户只是每分钟上传几十个表计数据，10M也可能足够。关键是业务需要、设备数量和未来扩展。

Gigabit ports are appropriate for dense LANs with many devices, high-speed data acquisition, multiple video streams, edge computing or large file transfers. TESPRO product literature indicates models such as the TG-324/TG-325 provide four gigabit LAN ports for high-throughput scenarios.
千兆口适合多设备局域网、高速数据采集、多路视频、边缘计算、大文件传输和未来扩容。TESPRO TG-324/TG-325网关公开资料显示配置4个千兆LAN口。

Ethernet port rates describe the wired local interface capacity, while 4G speeds describe the cellular link between the device and the carrier. The end-to-end throughput is limited by the slowest segment, so either the wired or wireless link can become the bottleneck.
以太网端口速率是本地有线接口能力，4G速率是蜂窝网络到运营商基站的无线能力。两者任一环节成为瓶颈，实际速度都会受限。

No—cellular category indicates the modem's capability ceiling, not guaranteed throughput. Real-world speeds depend on carrier, frequency bands, signal strength, base station load, SIM plan, antenna and environment.
不是。Cat等级表示模块能力上限，实际速度受运营商、频段、信号、基站拥塞、SIM套餐、天线和环境影响。

Bandwidth is the data-carrying capacity of a link, while latency is the delay experienced by a packet traveling end-to-end. Remote control and SCADA systems prioritize low latency, whereas video streaming and large file transfers prioritize high bandwidth.
对实时控制类SCADA项目，可与客户一起在TESPRO数字化平台上监测延迟并在工业路由器或网关部署上优化链路与优先级设置以降低响应时间。

Throughput is the actual usable data transfer rate observed in practice and is typically lower than theoretical bandwidth. Factors such as protocol overhead, encryption, VPNs, wireless signal quality and device CPU load all reduce throughput.
吞吐量是实际可用的数据传输速率，通常低于理论带宽。协议开销、加密、VPN、无线信号和设备CPU都会影响吞吐量。

Yes—VPNs add encryption and encapsulation overhead and require CPU processing, which can reduce effective throughput. However, VPNs substantially improve remote access security, so industrial deployments must balance performance and security needs.
会。VPN需要加密和封装数据，会消耗CPU和增加协议开销，但能显著提升远程访问安全性。工业项目通常要在安全和性能之间做平衡。

When multiple devices share a single uplink, available bandwidth is divided among them and peak demand can cause congestion. Sales engineers should confirm device counts, reporting frequency, whether there are cameras, remote desktop needs or firmware update schedules to size the link appropriately.
多台设备共享同一上行链路，带宽会被分摊。销售需确认设备数量、数据频率、是否有摄像头、是否需要远程桌面或固件升级。

Simple meter telemetry typically consumes very little bandwidth, so throughput demands are low. More important factors are network coverage, connection stability, reconnection behavior, data buffering and protocol compatibility.

单纯表计数据通常很小，带宽需求不高，更重要的是网络覆盖、稳定性、掉线重连、数据缓存和平台协议兼容。

Video consumes significantly more bandwidth; requirements depend on resolution, frame rate, codec and number of streams. Multi-channel HD surveillance will often require LTE Cat‑6/12, 5G or wired broadband and careful planning of upstream capacity.
视频比表计数据消耗大得多，带宽取决于分辨率、帧率、编码格式和路数。多路高清视频应优先考虑Cat 6、Cat 12、5G或有线宽带。

Both matter: you need enough LAN ports to connect all local devices and sufficient speed for data-heavy applications like video. TESPRO router selection guides emphasize confirming the required interface count before finalizing a model.
二者都重要。如果现场有多台设备，需要足够LAN口；如果有高速数据或视频，需要更高速率。TESPRO路由器选型资料也强调先确认接口数量。

A data plan is the monthly allowance of cellular data tied to a SIM; platform telemetry, remote debugging, video and firmware upgrades all consume this quota. Estimate expected monthly usage during quotation to avoid unexpected charges later.
蜂窝SIM通常按月流量计费，平台数据、远程调试、视频和固件升级都会消耗流量。报价时应帮助客户估算月流量，避免后期费用争议。

Link redundancy means provisioning backup network paths such as dual SIMs, primary/secondary carriers or combining 4G with wired WAN to improve uptime. TESPRO DTU documentation refers to dual‑SIM redundancy and automatic failover as typical measures to maintain continuous connectivity.
链路冗余是准备备用网络，例如双SIM、主备运营商、4G加有线WAN。TESPRO DTU公开资料提到双SIM冗余和故障切换，用于提高连续连接能力。

Peak speeds reflect optimal, short‑term capacity and do not guarantee stable long‑term performance. Industrial deployments need to prioritize factors like long‑term uptime, weak‑signal resilience, interference immunity, operating temperature range, reconnection behavior and remote management capabilities.
峰值速率是理想条件下能力，工业现场更关注长期在线率、弱信号稳定性、抗干扰、温度范围、掉线恢复和远程管理。

Start by asking what types of data will be transmitted—meters, sensors, PLCs, video or files—then determine device counts and upload frequency. Finally, recommend a solution that matches the network type, port speeds and SIM/data plan based on that information.
先问数据类型：表计、传感器、PLC、视频还是文件；再问设备数量和上传频率；最后结合网络类型、端口速率和SIM套餐推荐。

An industrial gateway connects devices with different interfaces, protocols and networks to collect, parse and convert data for upload to a management platform, while also enabling remote management and alarm handling.工业网关用于连接不同接口、不同协议和不同网络的现场设备，把设备数据采集、解析、转换并上传到平台，同时可实现远程管理和告警。

Common applications include remote metering, AMI/AMR systems, energy management, smart water, campus and city IoT, factory equipment networking, energy station monitoring and multi-vendor protocol conversion.常见场景包括远程抄表、AMI/AMR、能耗管理、智慧水务、智慧园区、智慧城市、工厂设备联网、能源站监控和多品牌设备协议转换。

Industrial gateways are designed for wide temperature ranges, EMI robustness, industrial interfaces, extensive protocol libraries, long-term continuous operation, remote O&M and field installation, whereas consumer gateways target home or office networking.工业网关更强调宽温、抗干扰、工业接口、协议库、长期运行、远程运维、安全和现场安装方式，而普通网关更多面向家庭或办公网络。

Typical features include RS485/RS232 data collection, Ethernet access, Modbus parsing, MQTT/HTTPS uplink, data caching and resume, protocol conversion, edge computing, remote configuration and cloud management.常见功能包括RS485/RS232采集、以太网接入、Modbus解析、MQTT/HTTPS上传、数据缓存、断点续传、协议转换、边缘计算、远程配置和云平台管理。

Edge computing means processing data close to the devices—filtering anomalies, computing aggregates, triggering alarms, parsing protocols and caching—so not all raw data needs to be sent to the cloud.边缘计算是在靠近设备现场的一侧先处理数据，例如过滤异常值、计算平均值、判断告警、协议解析、数据缓存和本地联动，而不是把所有原始数据都发到云端。

Installation must be performed by certified professionals.

Usually, it takes less than an hour without long-term electricity interruption.

Ensure power safety and provide space for installation personnel.

Proper installation will not affect home appliances.

Most smart meters are pre-calibrated and ready to use.

Usually no, only periodic inspections are recommended.

Contact the provider or a certified technician for repair.

Short-term fluctuations are normal, but persistent anomalies require inspection.

Resetting is usually done by professionals and not recommended at home.

They are robust and withstand normal environmental conditions.

It mainly records electricity usage and time, not personal data.

Data is securely transmitted via encrypted networks to the energy provider.

Yes, users can access historical and real-time data via apps or websites.

Storage time depends on the provider, usually recent usage records are accessible.

Providers usually have backup systems to ensure accurate billing.

No, it only records electricity consumption, not personal identity.

Data is encrypted to prevent unauthorized access.

Some regions and providers allow restricting data sharing.